SYNTAX


 

Early 1900 ferdinand de saussure founded structural linguistic. Before 20th Century, language in term comparison and no scientific approach.  There are two kinds of relation, relation of syntactical and paradigmatic relation.

Syntax is the study of the principles and rules for constructing sentences in natural languages. It is also used to refer directly to the rules and principles that govern the sentence structure of any individual language.

a. syntactic structure consist of 4 types, they are :

1. structure of predication

The component are subject and predicate.

Ex : I live in malang. I as subject, and live in malang as predicate.

2. structure of modification

The component are : head and modifier

Ex : the intelligent student. The intelligent student as modifier, and student as head.

3. structure of complementation

The component are : verb element and complement.

Ex: live in malang. Live as verb element, and in malang as complement.

4. structure of coordination.

The component is coordination

Ex: I live in malang and studying English. And as coordination.

Syntactic device

  1. word order is an important syntactic device. Each language has different rule regarded word order. the  example : the two diligent student from aceh living in the neigbourhood.
  2. derivational contrast tell us that a construction plus derivational mprpheme, make a new construction.Ex : the girl is happy, the girl laugh is happily.
  3. function word is a word that have little meaning, ex: he wanted to see you
  4. inflectional affixes affixes that are used to form inflected word. Ex : the students read the book. the student reads the book.
  5. prosody. Ex. a. stress : export - to export

    1.           b. pitch : you-you

      1. c. jucture : i scream - ice cream
      2. d. intination : where are you going.

 

In study of syntax we also study the ambiguity of sentence. There are two types of the ambiguity: lexical ambiguity and grammatical ambiguity .The lexical ambiguity means the ambiguity because of by the words that have more than one meaning. For example, The house is located near the bank.  This sentence has two meanings: the house is near the river or the house is near the bank (a place where people save money). Grammatical ambiguity means the ambiguity because of the grammatical construction that may have more than one meaning. For example, The man hit the girl with a stick. This sentence may mean the man hit the girl using the stick or the man hit the girl who brings a stick.