" SOSIOLINGUISTICS "

 

Sosiolinguistic is the study of the effect of culture toward the language which is used by society.

or the relation among culture - language - society.

• The study of the characteristics of language varieties, the characteristic of their functions and their characteristics of their speakers as these 3 constantly interact, change and change another within a speech (J.A. Fishman)
• A developing subfield of linguistics which takes speech variation or its social context (Nancy Parrot Hickerson)

 

Language Varieties

a. Standart Language  : Particular variety of a language which has been given formal status.

     b. Dialect                     : The form of the language that is spoken in one area that may be different from other form of the same language. It shows the features of grammar                                            and vocabulary, as well as aspect of pronunciation.

     c. Registers                 : Smaller group of language used for a particular purpose.

     d. Pilgins                    : New language which develops in situation where speakers of different language need to communicate but don't share a general language.

     e. Creole                    : Appointed language which has adopted is vocabulary from another language, the vocabulary of pidgin comes mainly from one particular language, but                                          has the own unique grammatical rules.

 

Speech Community

Speech Community is a concept in sociolinguistic which describes discrete group of people of people who use language which has characteristic that accepted among themselves.

Speech Community consists of many members. It can be members of special social groups ( Such as : Student in university and Rocker ), the group of people who have profession with a specialized jargon.

 

Bilingualism and Multilingualism

     a. Bilingualism     : Two language : Able to speak two languages ( have two official languages, national or regional )

                                        Example : In Paraguay, between Spanish and Guarani.

                                                        Puerto - Rican The community in New York, between English and Spanish.

     b. Multilingualism : More than two languages : Speaking use the several different languages ( More than two official languages, nation or regional )

                                        Example : In Indonesia, the Tionghoa's community usually use English, Mandarin and Indonesian in their daily communication with other people.

 

     Code Switching     : Speaker change one language to another language in communication.

                                        Example :

                                                       Kinan : Gimana, adik kamu sudah lahir belum?

                                                       Dita : Sudah mbak, Alhamdullillah

                                                       Kinan : Wiih. . Congratulation ya. .  

     Code Mixing      : Speaker mixs two or more language in communication.

                                        Example :

                                                       Wulan    : He, file bahan ujian linguistik neng endhi ?

                                                       Denny    : Neng komputer etan folder sastra.

 

 

 

Linguistic

1. Consider language as Monolitic.

Monolitic? Chomsky said= It is an ideal speaker-hearer in a completely homogenous speech community

2. Linguistic does not concern further with the people who use the language

 

So what is Sociolinguistics?----    Socio= social--society       Linguistic=study of language....

The study between language and society....

 

SOCIOLINGUISTICS

1. Consider language as Variety.

Variety? It is any set of Linguistic form which pattern according to social factor.

for example, if you would like to ask someone to clean the room, it can be said in different ways and expression.

aku1= " Tulung resikana kamarku, ndang...please..."

aku2= "Resiki ra! antemi dewe we ngko..."

we can understand that speaker1 is asking someone with polite manner

and the second speaker is angry because someone has made his room dirty.

 

So based on those explanation we can conclude that....

Sociolinguistics focus on the variety of language- diction, accent, Linguistic style or anything- that is influenced by some social factors --- Who speak it and to whom, when speak it, what language used---......

The essence of Sociolinguistics(SL)

1. Language variety

2. Language transmits information and thought from one person to another ( The real communication in society)

As you can see on Kezia's example...It is obvious, right?.....Anyway, I will give you another example

 

Dian : Hi,mum....

Mum: Why You're late?

Dian : Yes, that bastard Stootbucket kept us in again

Mum: Nana's here

Dian: Ups, where is she?

 

Dian : Good afternoon sir...

Principle : What are you doing here at this time?

Dian : Mr. Taufik kept us in again

 

 

SL is devided into two:

Microsociolinguistics : The study of language in relation to society. Language<>Society    Focus on language that is influenced by society in connection with sex, age, society class

Macrosociolinguistics: The study of society in relation to language. Society<>Language      Focus on Society that influence language in connection with language  shift and maintanance

 

Use Terms below:

Micro= speech act, ethnography of speaking, kinship system

Macro= Bilingualism, code switching, Diglossia, and so on....

Could someone describe some of the terms above?....

 

 

SPEECH ACT

A speech act is an utterance that serves a function in communication. A speech act might contain just one word, as in "Sorry!" to perform an apology, or several words or sentences: "I’m sorry I forgot your birthday. I just let it slip my mind."

Here are some examples of speech acts we use or hear every day:

·         Greeting:   "Hi, Eric. How are things going?

·         Request:   "Could you pass me the mashed potatoes, please?"

·         Complaint:   "I’ve already been waiting three weeks for the computer, and I was told it would be delivered within a week."

·         Invitation:   "We’re having some people over Saturday evening and wanted to know if you’d like to join us."

·         Compliment:   "Hey, I really like your tie!"

·         Refusal:   "Oh, I’d love to see that movie with you but this Friday just isn’t going to work."

According to Austin, he differs utterances into 3 kinds of acts:

1.      Locutionary act : The utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference

2.      Illocutionary act : the making of statement, offer, promise, order, etc.

Offer: “can I help u? (offering a help)

Promise : “I will come to your party at 9”

Order : “what do you like to drink?” tea or coffee?

3.      Perlocutionary act : the bringing about of effects on the audience by means of uttering the sentence.

Ex:       A: “kamarmu kotor sekali”

            B: “iya deh tak bersihin…” (dengan menggunakan sapu)

In perlocutionary act, there is an effect that someone will do something. From the example, B is cleaning the room.

DIGLOSSIA

Diglossia is a situation in which societies have two or more languages that consider as high and low language and each language has its own function.

Ex: in Indonesia, we use bahasa Indonesia as high language and bahasa jawa as low language.

 

 

 

 

 

Sociolinguistics

Sociolingustics is the study between language and society. it explains why speaker speaks differently in different social context, it also concerned with identifiying social function of language and the way it's used to convey meaning.

 

The focus of sociolingustics is in the different types of vocabulary  or word choice which are used to express and reflect social factors.

Sociolinguistics explain about how to use language in certain aspect. sociolinguistics focus in "whospeak, what language, to whom, when, and to what end"

 

As an example, In Javaness culture,  A boy who talks with his teacher will use  different word choice compared when he talks with his friend

 

Example 1:

Joko : Sugeng enjang pak Sugeng, pripun kabare?

Pak Sugeng : Apik, piye kabarmu saiki?

Joko : Sae pak, sakmenika kula sampun nyambut damel ten TELKOM

Pak Sugeng : Wah, yo sing ati-ati, kudu gemi lan setiti ya'

Joko : Injih pak

 

Example 2:

Joko : Wee Narto piye kabarmu?

Narto : Wah apik-apik wae, saiki kowe kerja neng endi?

Joko : Aku kerjo neng TELKOM

 

Joko chooses the word which is more polite (krama inggil)in having coversation with someone who older than  him, but when he has conversation with his friend, he chooses different choice of words (ngoko)

 

Importance of sociolinguistics is to find out what are both information and the feeling expression conveyed on utterance

Example 1

 Kezia : Hi...... Umi

Umi     : kok kamu gak ikut kelas Speaking

Kezia: Iya, abis aku kerjain tugas dari pak, banyak banget je!, tega amat ya pak Depe

Umi : Ustt.. ada pak Depe lho dibelakang mu

 

Kezia's description about his teacher would have been different if he had known that pak Depe was in behind her.

 

Example 2

 

Kezia : Siang bu......?

Ibu Susan : Kenapa kamu tidak mengikuti kelas saya tadi pagi siang?

Kezia : Maaf bu, saya harus mengerjakan tugas presentasi dari pak Depe.

 

This response reflects Kezia's awareness of the social factors that inflluence the vocabulary choice of appropriate ways of speaking in different social context

 

In the conversation between Kezia and Umi also conveyed the expression of one's feeling in an utterance, moreover her choice of words also tells about her relationship with her friend. ( she can use word tega amat to talk with her friend)

 

Kezia, i just wan to make your expalnation simplier.

 

This is my little understanding about sociolinguistics:

Branch of linguistic which study language in relation to its society is called sociolinguistic. there are many definitions regarding to the sociolinguistics. one of them is that:

"sociolinguistics is the study of the way people use language in social interaction." (Chaika, 1982:2)

 

from that definition i can catch that language and society are never parted because language always need society and the society itself is shaped by the language, as I remember that the function of language is to communicate with others.

sociolinguistics is classified into two scopes of study, is that macro sociolinguistic and micro sociolinguistics.

1. Macro sociolinguistics refers to the study of relatively large group of speakers; concerned with the study of language history and development in the scope of society in general. e.g. language planning and language standardization.

2. Micro linguistics refers to the study of relatively small groups of speakers; concerned with the study of language in specific speech community, such as behavior toward language, style of speech, domains of language use, register, speech act, etc.