" SOSIOLINGUISTICS "
Sosiolinguistic is the study of the effect of culture toward the language which is used by society.
or the relation among culture - language - society.
- The study of the characteristics of language varieties, the characteristic of their functions and their characteristics of their speakers as these 3 constantly interact, change and change another within a speech (J.A. Fishman)
- A developing subfield of linguistics which takes speech variation or its social context (Nancy Parrot Hickerson)
Language Varieties
a. Standart Language : Particular variety of a language which has been given formal status.
b. Dialect : The form of the language that is spoken in one area that may be different from other form of the same language. It shows the features of grammar and vocabulary, as well as aspect of pronunciation.
c. Registers : Smaller group of language used for a particular purpose.
d. Pilgins : New language which develops in situation where speakers of different language need to communicate but don't share a general language.
e. Creole : Appointed language which has adopted is vocabulary from another language, the vocabulary of pidgin comes mainly from one particular language, but has the own unique grammatical rules.
Speech Community
Speech Community is a concept in sociolinguistic which describes discrete group of people of people who use language which has characteristic that accepted among themselves.
Speech Community consists of many members. It can be members of special social groups ( Such as : Student in university and Rocker ), the group of people who have profession with a specialized jargon.
Bilingualism and Multilingualism
a. Bilingualism : Two language : Able to speak two languages ( have two official languages, national or regional )
Example : In Paraguay, between Spanish and Guarani.
Puerto - Rican The community in New York, between English and Spanish.
b. Multilingualism : More than two languages : Speaking use the several different languages ( More than two official languages, nation or regional )
Example : In Indonesia, the Tionghoa's community usually use English, Mandarin and Indonesian in their daily communication with other people.
Code Switching : Speaker change one language to another language in communication.
Example :
Kinan : Gimana, adik kamu sudah lahir belum?
Dita : Sudah mbak, Alhamdullillah
Kinan : Wiih. . Congratulation ya. .
Code Mixing : Speaker mixs two or more language in communication.
Example :
Wulan : He, file bahan ujian linguistik neng endhi ?
Denny : Neng komputer etan folder sastra.
Linguistic
1. Consider language as Monolitic.
Monolitic? Chomsky said= It is an ideal speaker-hearer in a completely homogenous speech community
2. Linguistic does not concern further with the people who use the language
So what is Sociolinguistics?---- Socio= social--society Linguistic=study of language....
The study between language and society....
SOCIOLINGUISTICS
1. Consider language as Variety.
Variety? It is any set of Linguistic form which pattern according to social factor.
for example, if you would like to ask someone to clean the room, it can be said in different ways and expression.
aku1= " Tulung resikana kamarku, ndang...please..."
aku2= "Resiki ra! antemi dewe we ngko..."
we can understand that speaker1 is asking someone with polite manner
and the second speaker is angry because someone has made his room dirty.
So based on those explanation we can conclude that....
Sociolinguistics focus on the variety of language- diction, accent, Linguistic style or anything- that is influenced by some social factors --- Who speak it and to whom, when speak it, what language used---......
The essence of Sociolinguistics(SL)
1. Language variety
2. Language transmits information and thought from one person to another ( The real communication in society)
As you can see on Kezia's example...It is obvious, right?.....Anyway, I will give you another example
Dian : Hi,mum....
Mum: Why You're late?
Dian : Yes, that bastard Stootbucket kept us in again
Mum: Nana's here
Dian: Ups, where is she?
Dian : Good afternoon sir...
Principle : What are you doing here at this time?
Dian : Mr. Taufik kept us in again
SL is devided into two:
Microsociolinguistics : The study of language in relation to society. Language<>Society Focus on language that is influenced by society in connection with sex, age, society class
Macrosociolinguistics: The study of society in relation to language. Society<>Language Focus on Society that influence language in connection with language shift and maintanance
Use Terms below:
Micro= speech act, ethnography of speaking, kinship system
Macro= Bilingualism, code switching, Diglossia, and so on....
Could someone describe some of the terms above?....
SPEECH ACT
A speech act is an utterance that serves a function in communication. A speech act might contain just one word, as in "Sorry!" to perform an apology, or several words or sentences: "I’m sorry I forgot your birthday. I just let it slip my mind."
Here are some examples of speech acts we use or hear every day:
· Greeting: "Hi, Eric. How are things going?
· Request: "Could you pass me the mashed potatoes, please?"
· Complaint: "I’ve already been waiting three weeks for the computer, and I was told it would be delivered within a week."
· Invitation: "We’re having some people over Saturday evening and wanted to know if you’d like to join us."
· Compliment: "Hey, I really like your tie!"
· Refusal: "Oh, I’d love to see that movie with you but this Friday just isn’t going to work."
According to Austin, he differs utterances into 3 kinds of acts:
1. Locutionary act : The utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference
2. Illocutionary act : the making of statement, offer, promise, order, etc.
Offer: “can I help u? (offering a help)
Promise : “I will come to your party at 9”
Order : “what do you like to drink?” tea or coffee?
3. Perlocutionary act : the bringing about of effects on the audience by means of uttering the sentence.
Ex: A: “kamarmu kotor sekali”
B: “iya deh tak bersihin…” (dengan menggunakan sapu)
In perlocutionary act, there is an effect that someone will do something. From the example, B is cleaning the room.
DIGLOSSIA
Diglossia is a situation in which societies have two or more languages that consider as high and low language and each language has its own function.
Ex: in Indonesia, we use bahasa Indonesia as high language and bahasa jawa as low language.
A form of diglossia exist in most Arabic speaking countries where the high, or classical variety is used in lectures, religous speech and formal political talk , while the low variety is the local dialect of colloquial Arabic.
JARGON
Jargon can be defined as technical vocabulary associated in a special activity or group. In social terms, jargon helps to connect those whose see themselves as 'insider' in some way and to exclude 'outsider'
Example:
Q:Would you ride a body board if a shark bit off your legs?
A:Hey, if you can get tubed, nobody's bumming.
Sociolinguistics
Sociolingustics is the study between language and society. it explains why speaker speaks differently in different social context, it also concerned with identifiying social function of language and the way it's used to convey meaning.
The focus of sociolingustics is in the different types of vocabulary or word choice which are used to express and reflect social factors.
Sociolinguistics explain about how to use language in certain aspect. sociolinguistics focus in "whospeak, what language, to whom, when, and to what end"
As an example, In Javaness culture, A boy who talks with his teacher will use different word choice compared when he talks with his friend
Example 1:
Joko : Sugeng enjang pak Sugeng, pripun kabare?
Pak Sugeng : Apik, piye kabarmu saiki?
Joko : Sae pak, sakmenika kula sampun nyambut damel ten TELKOM
Pak Sugeng : Wah, yo sing ati-ati, kudu gemi lan setiti ya'
Joko : Injih pak
Example 2:
Joko : Wee Narto piye kabarmu?
Narto : Wah apik-apik wae, saiki kowe kerja neng endi?
Joko : Aku kerjo neng TELKOM
Joko chooses the word which is more polite (krama inggil)in having coversation with someone who older than him, but when he has conversation with his friend, he chooses different choice of words (ngoko)
Importance of sociolinguistics is to find out what are both information and the feeling expression conveyed on utterance
Example 1
Kezia : Hi...... Umi
Umi : kok kamu gak ikut kelas Speaking
Kezia: Iya, abis aku kerjain tugas dari pak, banyak banget je!, tega amat ya pak Depe
Umi : Ustt.. ada pak Depe lho dibelakang mu
Kezia's description about his teacher would have been different if he had known that pak Depe was in behind her.
Example 2
Kezia : Siang bu......?
Ibu Susan : Kenapa kamu tidak mengikuti kelas saya tadi pagi siang?
Kezia : Maaf bu, saya harus mengerjakan tugas presentasi dari pak Depe.
This response reflects Kezia's awareness of the social factors that inflluence the vocabulary choice of appropriate ways of speaking in different social context
In the conversation between Kezia and Umi also conveyed the expression of one's feeling in an utterance, moreover her choice of words also tells about her relationship with her friend. ( she can use word tega amat to talk with her friend)
Kezia, i just wan to make your expalnation simplier.
This is my little understanding about sociolinguistics:
Branch of linguistic which study language in relation to its society is called sociolinguistic. there are many definitions regarding to the sociolinguistics. one of them is that:
"sociolinguistics is the study of the way people use language in social interaction." (Chaika, 1982:2)
from that definition i can catch that language and society are never parted because language always need society and the society itself is shaped by the language, as I remember that the function of language is to communicate with others.
sociolinguistics is classified into two scopes of study, is that macro sociolinguistic and micro sociolinguistics.
1. Macro sociolinguistics refers to the study of relatively large group of speakers; concerned with the study of language history and development in the scope of society in general. e.g. language planning and language standardization.
2. Micro linguistics refers to the study of relatively small groups of speakers; concerned with the study of language in specific speech community, such as behavior toward language, style of speech, domains of language use, register, speech act, etc.
“SOSIOLINGUISTICS”
(taken from pesona bahasa)
A. The variety of language
A language should be Arbitrary and Conventional. In this chapter, we study not only about the system on the language itself, but also on the language variation.
» Language Various and Status:
· Various people use language for various purposes.
· In certain language, there are a diaglossia:
High Level : Formal
Low Level : Informal
The varieties concept becomes famous when the linguist connected the language and social aspect. Language sees as a dynamic communications media, which accommodate social aspect of the users and the uses.
» Two kinds of language variation:
1. Regional dialect (dialectology).
- caused by regional/ dialects.
à Pronunciation (suroboyonan/ banyumasan):
E.g.: Gunung à [gunu] or [gono]
Kidul à [kiaul] or [keaol]
à Diction:
E.g.: Jeding Kulah
Dalan Embong
à Grammar:
E.g.: wis dakwaca
Wis diwaca ambek aku.
2. Social dialect (Sociodialect).
- caused by education background, job/ profession, or situation/
degree of formality (Social class, sex, ethnic and age).
E.g: [f] Jusuf Fahrudin Fachri Alif
[p] Jusup Pahrudin Pahri Alip
Linguistics studies which studying the relation with social aspects and language phenomenon is called sociolinguistics. According to wikipedia,”Sociolinguistics is the study of the effect of all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used.”
B. Language variation based on the use.
Language used by the society for communication.
à In terms of communication:
» Field (medan).
· Topic E.g. : Hukum, perbengkelan, kedokteran
· Events E.g. : (kasasi, grasi), (rem, aki), (perban, pinset), etc
» Tenor (suasana).
· In relation between speakers: politeness, formality, status.
E.g. : Tidak - nggak
Bicara - ngomong
Bapak/ ibu - om/ tante
» Mode (cara). à role of language
· Chanel/ jalur E.g. : face to face
à In terms of style:
» Intimate
- Between intimated speaker.
E.g. : Gue, lo, bete, ember, etc
» Casual
- In informal situation, but not necessarily intimate.
E.g.: chat on train/ bus.
» Consultative
- Between speaker in different level.
E.g. : Teacher – student
Seller - buyer
» Formal
- In formal situation.
E.g. : seminar, meeting, etc.
» Frozen
- very stiff situation.
E.g. : ceremony, military commands, court, etc.
C. Rules and social language function.
à Language use: SPEAKING (Hymes, 1974):
» Latar (setting and scene)
· Time and place E.g. : Solo, at 6.pm
» Peserta (participants)
· The speakers E.g. : Amir, Agus, etc.
» Hasil (end)
· Objectives/ purpose of speak
» Amanat (act sequence)
· Form and content of speak
E.g. : Dia berdoa,”…”
Dia memohon kepada tuhan, …
» Cara (key)
· Manner of speech. E.g. : relax/ serious.
» Sarana (instrumentalities)
· Mode of speech E.g. : written/ spoken.
» Norma (norms)
· Rule on speaking
E.g. : mahasiswa bertanya setelah diberi kesempatan.
» Jenis (genres)
· Category of speech
E.g. : sajak, teka-teki, kuliah dan doa.
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Language Function
SITUASI (kontekstual)
PESAN (referensial)
 PENUTUR MITRA TUTUR
(emotif) (konatif/direktif)
JALUR (fatis)
BENTUK PESAN (puitis)
ASPEK BAHASA (metalinguistik)
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Note :
a) SITUATION (kontekstual) :
- the moment while the speaking happened ( penekanan pada faktor tempat
terjadinya tuturan).
E.g.: Hakim memesuki ruang sidang, hadirin dipersilakan bangkit berdiri.
b) MESSAGE (referensial) :
- the message/ content or discussion topic. (isi atau topik pembicaraan).
E.g.: pengamat sepak bola membahas tentang pertandingan sepak bola.
c) SPEAKER (emotif) :
- the cynosure is the speaker itself. (Express the emotion: happy/sad/etc)
E.g.: “Horeee!!” , or “sialan!!”
d) SPEAKER’S PATNER (konatif/direktif) :
- comand or exclamation. (seruan atau suruhan).
E.g.: “help!!”, or “be carefull”
e) BAND (fatis)
- the chanel (terbukanya jalur tuturan), like greeting.
E.g.: ”apa kabar?”, or ”mau kemana?”
f) MESSAGE FORM (puitis)
- the cynosure on the message form.
E.g.: tulisan, goresan.
g) LANGUAGE ASPECT (metalinguistik)
- the form in the Ianguage or expression which centrally at the meaning or
the definition (terpusat pada makna dan batasan istilah).
E.g.: H2O dalam kimia berarti air, merdeka berarti bebas.
D. Bilingualism.
» The usage of two language in the same time, or ixing the two language in the same time (Weinreich,1968)
Code Switching: Speaker changes from one language to another in one
speech event.
E.g.: A: Piye, wis eneng pengumuman beasiswane?
B: Wis, Mbak. Alhamdulillah, ketampa.
A: Wuuih. Great. Congratulations…!
Code Mixing: Speaker mixes two or more languages in one speech event.
E.g.: A. Weh, file soal ujiane neng endi?
B. Neng komputer kulon, folder jurusan
Interference: Speaker breaks the linguistic rule because of the influence of
another language
E.g.: Pak Agus Depe kecil sendiri di Jurusan Sastra Inggris.
E. Language Manner in multilanguage society.
In general, there are five languages manner, such as:
▫ Standard Language
▫ Vernacular Language
▫ Lingua Franca
▫ Pidgin
▫ Creole
Language manner in multilingual countries can emerge as social and political change effect in pertinent state.
The Language manner will be explained one to another:
F. Standart language.
» This Language manner usually has passed the codification process that is phase of structure settlement, spelling, and vocabulary. The settlement is usually reached to the Language dictionary compilation. Standard Language is often found in write Language than oral. But It does not close the possibility in a few situation act to say, standard Language manner is also used.
E.g.: when speech event or ritual event this Language manner is
assessed more prestigious. Standard Language manner also
politically has function as official language or national language, like Language Indonesia in our state.
G. Vernacular.
» Vernacular is the language variation which don’t have formal
status. It used in certain area. Many people use this language in
their daily conversation. The people who is the same region
or area prefer to use the vernacular language than the unity
language. The everyday language spoken by people distinguished
from literary language.
E.g.: If we reside in the Old Market, in Tangerang. Usually buyer
will use the local Language that is Sudanese language. But if we
reside in out side of old market, we saw that the society use the
China Ke language or Hokkian to communicate.
K. Lingua Franca.
» The language that is used as a means of communication by group, but none of them become the owner of the language.
» This language usually used in emergency
situation.
E.g.: - When the Javanese people go to West Java and meat the
Sundanese, and they need to talk each other, they don’t
used their own language, but they will use the Indonesian
language as the unity language to make a conversation.
- English is a lingua franca used by Japanese doing business in
Finland or by Swedes in Saudi Arabia.
H. Pidgin.
» Nobody’s native language (a language having no native speaker), may arise when two speaker of different language with no common language try to have makeshift conversation.
» There are ore than a hundred pidgin in this world. Most of them influenced by Europe language.
» A pidgin develop as a means of communication between people who don’t have a common language.
» It used for specific purpose : trade.
» The prestige of pidgin is very low. Many pidgins are ‘contact vernacular’. It does only exist for one speech event.
» In creating a pidgin, a colonial language becomes a ‘super substrade’
E.g.: - between traders who used a colonial language.
- Melanesian pidgin, Salomon Island pidgin, etc.
I. Creole.
» Creole is a pidgin that has become the first language of a new generation of speakers.
» A language that was originally a pidgin, but it has become native.
Many Creole have developed with literature of own.
E.g.: Haitian creole
Jamaican Creole
Krio in Sierra Leone
Tok Pisin (nowadays it become the official language in Papua
New Guinea).
Bibliography
¨ Yuwono, Untung dkk 2005. Pesona Bahasa, Gramedia Pustaka Utama : Jakarta.
¨ Handout and note from Mr. Agus D.P, M. Call
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